Persian Arts.
A brief history of Persian Carpet and its patterns
The history of Persian Carpet dates back to 2,500 years ago. They have achieved a very high degree of perfection for they were among the pioneer carpet weavers of the ancient civilizations, through centuries of creativity and ingenuity.
Most of the skill of carpet weaving has been handed down by their fathers to their sons, who built upon those skills and in turn handed them down to their offspring .
It is a closely guarded family secret.
Their cultural path is one evident tracing its history as it proves to have grown as the greatest civilizations the world has ever known.
From being simple articles of need, floor and entrance coverings to protect the nomadic tribesmen from the cold and damp, the increasing beauty of the carpets found them new owners - kings and noblemen, who looked upon them as signs of wealth, prestige and distinction.
Pazyryk Carpet, 5th century BCE Russian archaeologists Rudenko and Griaznov in 1949 discovered the oldest known "knotted" carpet in the Pazyryk valley, about 5000 feet up on the Altai Mountains in Siberia. Dating back to the fifth century BCE The Pazyryk carpet is of rare beauty and woven with great technical skill. It was found preserved in the frozen tombs of Scythian chiefs, which were 2400 to 2500 years old, it is now kept in the Hermitage Museum of Leningrad. Another rug found in the same area, dates back to the first century BCE.
When Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon in 539 BC, he was struck by its splendour, and it was probably he who introduced the art of carpet making into Persia. However, historical records show that magnificent carpets adorned the court of Cyrus the Great, who founded the Persian Empire over 2,500 years ago.
It is also said that the tomb of Cyrus, who was buried at Pasargadae near Persepolis, was covered with precious carpets. Even before his time, it is very likely that Persian nomads knew about the use of Knotted carpets. Their herds of sheep and goats provided them with high quality and durable wool for this purpose.
The first documented evidence on the existence of carpets came from Chinese texts dating back to the Sassanid Dynasty (224 - 641 CE). In 628 CE, the Emperor Heraclius brought back a variety of carpets from the conquest of Ctesiphon, the Sassanian capital. The Arabs also conquered Ctesiphon in 637 CE, and among the spoils brought back were said to be many carpets, one of which was the famous garden carpet, the "Spring time of Khosro". This carpet has passed into history as the most precious of all time. Made during the reign of Khosro I (531 - 579 CE) the carpet was 90 Feet square.
"The border was a magnificent flower bed of blue, red, white, yellow and green stones; in the background the colour of the earth was imitated with gold; clear stones like crystals gave the illusion of water; the plants were in silk and the fruits were formed by colour stones"
quoted by Arab's historian.
However, the Arabs cut this magnificent carpet into many pieces, which were then sold separately.
Turkish Knot After the period of domination by the Arab Caliphates, a Turkish tribe, named after their founder, Seljok conquered Persia. Their domination (1038 - 1194 CE) was of great importance in the history of Persian carpets. The Seljuk women were skilful carpet makers using Turkish knots. In the provinces of Azerbaijan and Hamadan where Seljuk influence was strongest and longest lasting, the Turkish knot is used to this day.
In the Turkish (or Ghiordes) knot the yarn is taken twice around two adjacent warp threads and the ends are drawn out between these two threads.
Sinneh Knot In the Persian (or Sinneh) Knot, the wool thread forms a single turn about the warp thread. One end comes out over this thread and the other over the next warp thread.
The Mongol conquest and control of Persia (1220 - 1449) was initially brutal. However, they soon came under the influence of the Persians. The palace of Tabriz, belonging to the Ilkhan leader, Ghazan Khan (1295 - 1304) had paved floors covered with precious carpets. The Monghol ruler Shah Rokh (1409 - 1446) contributed to the reconstruction of much that was destroyed by the Mongols and encouraged all the artistic activities of the region. However, the carpets in this period were decorated with simple motifs, which were mainly geometric in style.
Esfahan Carpet The Persian carpet reached its zenith during the reign of the Safavid Dynasty in the 16th century. Indeed the first concrete proofs of this craft date back to this period. Approximately 1500 examples are preserved in various museums and in private collections worldwide. During the reign of Shah Abbas (1587 - 1629), commerce and crafts prospered in Persia. Shah Abbas encouraged contacts and trade with Europe and transformed his new capital Esfahan, into one of the most glorious cities of Persia. He also created a court workshop for carpets where skilled designers and craftsmen set to work to create splendid specimens. Most of these carpets were made of silk, with gold and silver threads adding even more embellishment. Two of the best know carpets of the Safavid period; dated 1539 come from the mosque of Ardebil. Many experts believe that these carpets represent the culmination of achievement in carpet design. The larger of the two carpets in now kept in London's Victoria and Albert Museum while the other is displayed at the Los Angeles County Museum.
The court period of the Persian carpet ended with the Afghan invasion in 1722. The Afghans destroyed Esfahan, yet their domination lasted for only a short period and in 1736, a young Chieftain from Khorasan, Nader Khan became the Shah of Persia. Through the whole course of his reign, all the country's forces were utilised in campaigns against the Afghans, the Turks, and the Russians. During this period, and for several turbulent years after his death in 1747, no carpets of any great value were made, and solely nomads, and craftsmen in small villages continued the tradition of this craft.
In the last quarter of the 19th Century and during the reign of the Qajar rulers trade and craftsmanship regained their importance. Carpet making flourished once more with Tabriz merchants exporting carpets to Europe through Istanbul. At the end of the 19th Century some European and American companies even set up businesses in Persia and organised craft production destined for western markets.
Kashan Carpet Today, Carpet weaving is by far the most widespread handicraft in Iran. Persian carpets are renowned for their richness of colour, variety of spectacular artistic patterns and quality of design. In palaces, famous buildings, mansions and museums the world over, a Persian carpet is amongst the most treasured possession.
INDONESIAN
Seni Persia.
Sejarah singkat Persia Karpet .
Sejarah Persia Carpet tanggal kembali ke 2.500 tahun yang lalu. Mereka telah mencapai tingkat yang sangat tinggi dari kesempurnaan bagi mereka di antara penenun pelopor karpet dari peradaban kuno, melalui berabad-abad kreativitas dan kecerdikan.
Sebagian besar keterampilan karpet tenun telah diwariskan oleh nenek moyang mereka untuk anak-anak mereka, yang dibangun di atas keterampilan-keterampilan dan pada gilirannya menyerahkan mereka ke anak-anak mereka.
Ini adalah keluarga rahasia yang dijaga ketat.
Jalur budaya mereka adalah salah satu bukti menelusuri sejarah karena terbukti telah tumbuh sebagai peradaban terbesar di dunia yang pernah dikenal.
Dari menjadi artikel sederhana kebutuhan, lantai dan pintu masuk penutup untuk melindungi suku nomaden dari dingin dan lembab, keindahan meningkatnya karpet menemukan mereka pemilik baru - raja dan bangsawan, yang memandang mereka sebagai tanda kekayaan, prestise, dan perbedaan.
Pazyryk Karpet, abad ke-5 SM Rusia arkeolog Rudenko dan Griaznov pada tahun 1949 menemukan tertua "tersimpul" karpet di lembah Pazyryk, sekitar 5000 meter di atas Pegunungan Altai di Siberia. Dating kembali ke abad kelima SM The Pazyryk karpet keindahan langka dan ditenun dengan keterampilan teknis yang besar. Ditemukan diawetkan di dalam kuburan beku Skit kepala, yang berusia 2.400-2.500 tahun, sekarang disimpan di Museum Hermitage of Leningrad. Karpet lain ditemukan di daerah yang sama, tanggal kembali ke abad pertama SM.
Ketika Cyrus Agung menaklukkan Babel pada tahun 539 SM, ia dikejutkan oleh kemegahan, dan itu mungkin dia yang memperkenalkan seni karpet membuat ke Persia. Namun, catatan sejarah menunjukkan bahwa karpet megah menghiasi istana Cyrus Agung, yang mendirikan Kekaisaran Persia lebih dari 2.500 tahun yang lalu.
Hal ini juga mengatakan bahwa makam Cyrus, yang dimakamkan di Pasargadae dekat Persepolis, ditutupi dengan karpet berharga. Bahkan sebelum waktunya, sangat mungkin bahwa pengembara Persia tahu tentang penggunaan karpet rajutan. Ternak mereka domba dan kambing memberi mereka kualitas tinggi dan wol tahan lama untuk tujuan ini.
Bukti pertama kali didokumentasikan pada keberadaan karpet berasal dari teks-teks Cina tercatat kembali ke Dinasti Sassanid (224-641 M). Pada 628 Masehi, Kaisar Heraclius membawa kembali berbagai karpet dari penaklukan Ctesiphon, ibukota Sassania. Orang-orang Arab juga menaklukkan Ctesiphon di 637 CE, dan di antara rampasan dibawa kembali dikatakan banyak karpet, salah satunya adalah karpet taman terkenal, "waktu musim semi Khosro". Karpet ini telah berlalu ke dalam sejarah sebagai yang paling berharga sepanjang masa. Dibuat pada masa pemerintahan Khosro I (531-579 M) karpet 90 Feet persegi.
"Perbatasan adalah tempat tidur bunga megah batu biru, merah, putih, kuning dan hijau, di latar belakang warna bumi itu ditiru dengan emas, batu kristal yang jelas seperti memberi ilusi air, tanaman berada di sutra dan buah yang dibentuk oleh batu warna "
dikutip sejarawan Arab.
Namun, orang-orang Arab memotong karpet megah ini menjadi potongan-potongan, yang kemudian dijual secara terpisah.
Knot Turki Setelah periode dominasi oleh kekhalifahan Arab, sebuah suku Turki, dinamai pendiri mereka, Seljok menaklukkan Persia. Dominasi mereka (1038 - 1194 M) adalah sangat penting dalam sejarah karpet Persia. Para wanita Seljuk adalah pembuat karpet terampil menggunakan knot Turki. Di provinsi Azerbaijan dan Hamadan mana pengaruh Seljuk adalah terkuat dan terpanjang abadi, simpul Turki digunakan untuk hari ini.
Di Turki (atau Ghiordes) simpul benang diambil dua kali sekitar dua benang lungsin yang berdekatan dan ujung-ujungnya ditarik keluar antara dua benang tersebut.
Knot Sinneh Di Persia (atau Sinneh) Knot, benang wol membentuk giliran tunggal tentang benang lungsin. Salah satu ujung keluar atas thread ini dan yang lainnya atas benang lungsin berikutnya.
Mongol penaklukan dan kontrol Persia (1220 - 1449) awalnya brutal. Namun, mereka segera datang di bawah pengaruh Persia. Istana Tabriz, milik pemimpin Ilkhan, Ghazan Khan (1295 - 1304) memiliki lantai beraspal ditutupi dengan karpet berharga. The Monghol penguasa Shah Rokh (1409 - 1446) memberikan kontribusi terhadap rekonstruksi banyak yang dihancurkan oleh bangsa Mongol dan mendorong semua kegiatan seni daerah. Namun, karpet di periode ini dihiasi dengan motif sederhana, yang terutama geometris dalam gaya.
Esfahan Karpet Karpet Persia mencapai puncaknya pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Safawi di abad ke-16. Memang bukti konkret pertama ini tanggal kerajinan kembali ke periode ini. Sekitar 1.500 contoh yang diawetkan di berbagai museum dan koleksi pribadi di seluruh dunia. Selama pemerintahan Shah Abbas (1587 - 1629), perdagangan dan kerajinan makmur di Persia. Shah Abbas mendorong kontak dan perdagangan dengan Eropa dan mengubah ibukota barunya Esfahan, menjadi salah satu kota yang paling mulia dari Persia. Dia juga menciptakan sebuah lokakarya pengadilan untuk karpet di mana desainer terampil dan pengrajin mulai bekerja untuk membuat spesimen indah. Sebagian besar karpet tersebut terbuat dari sutra, dengan benang emas dan perak menambahkan bahkan lebih hiasan. Dua dari karpet tahu terbaik dari periode Safawi; tanggal 1539 berasal dari masjid Ardebil. Banyak ahli percaya bahwa karpet tersebut merupakan puncak dari prestasi dalam desain karpet. Semakin besar dari dua karpet di sekarang disimpan di Museum Victoria dan Albert di London sementara yang lain akan ditampilkan di Los Angeles County Museum.
Masa pengadilan karpet Persia berakhir dengan invasi Afghanistan pada 1722. Orang-orang Afghanistan menghancurkan Esfahan, namun dominasi mereka hanya berlangsung selama waktu yang singkat dan pada tahun 1736, seorang kepala suku muda dari Khorasan, Nader Khan menjadi Shah of Persia. Melalui program seluruh pemerintahannya, semua kekuatan negara yang digunakan dalam kampanye melawan Afghanistan, Turki, dan Rusia. Selama periode ini, dan selama beberapa tahun bergolak setelah kematiannya pada tahun 1747, tidak ada karpet dari setiap nilai yang besar dibuat, dan semata-mata nomaden, dan pengrajin di desa-desa kecil melanjutkan tradisi kerajinan ini.
Pada kuartal terakhir abad ke-19 dan pada masa pemerintahan penguasa perdagangan dan pengerjaan Qajar kembali pentingnya mereka. Pembuatan karpet berkembang sekali lagi dengan Tabriz pedagang mengekspor karpet ke Eropa melalui Istanbul. Pada akhir abad ke-19 beberapa perusahaan Eropa dan Amerika bahkan mendirikan usaha di Persia dan produksi kerajinan yang diselenggarakan ditujukan untuk pasar barat.
Kashan Karpet Hari ini, Karpet tenun adalah jauh kerajinan yang paling luas di Iran. Karpet Persia yang terkenal karena kekayaan mereka warna, berbagai pola artistik spektakuler dan kualitas desain. Di istana, bangunan terkenal, rumah-rumah dan museum di seluruh dunia, karpet Persia adalah antara harta paling berharga.
